Persian Punishments – 18th-Century Engraving of Judicial Practices, by J.C. Philips, 1754 This dramatic and rare 18th-century engraving, titled Verscheide Wyzen van Straf-oeffeningen by de Persianen Gebruiklyk (“Various Types of Punishments Practiced by the Persians”), offers a vivid depiction of judicial and corporal punishments as observed or imagined in Safavid or early Qajar Persia.